Post by Sapphire Capital on Dec 30, 2017 6:26:40 GMT 4
Deal Structure
University of Utah College of Law Research Paper No. 229
Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University Working Paper No. 231
53 Pages Posted: 29 Sep 2017 Last revised: 4 Dec 2017
Cathy Hwang
Stanford Law School; University of Utah - S.J. Quinney College of Law
Matthew Jennejohn
Brigham Young University - J. Reuben Clark Law School
Date Written: December 1, 2017
Abstract
Modern commercial contracts - those governing mergers & acquisitions and financial derivatives, for instance - have become structurally complex and interconnected. Yet contract law largely ignores structural complexity. This Article develops a theory of “contractual structuralism” to explain the important role of structure in every aspect of contract law, from the design of a contract to courts’ interpretation and enforcement.
For generations, scholars have debated whether a court should consider only the text of a contract or also consider broader context to determine parties’ intent. More recently, scholars have shown that parties can choose between textual and contextual interpretation by drafting a contract provision as a rule or a standard. Rules signal that parties have fully thought through the issues and a court should interpret textually, and standards signal the need for further contextual exploration.
This Article builds upon that pioneering work to make two contributions to the literature. First, it provides the first comprehensive account of structural complexity in modern contracting, and explains how modern contract designers use structure to advance their goals. Second, it shows how the design of contract structure can influence interpretation. Contracts have grown - in scope, length, and complexity - and provisions are no longer strictly rules or strictly standards. Rather, they bleed into and interact with one another, complicating parties’ ability to always pair textualist enforcement with a rule and contextualist enforcement with a standard. Tweaking deal structure provides contract designers another way, beyond using a rule or standard, to nudge courts toward a particular interpretive mode. Specifically, structural isolation of provisions - a modular contract structure - is required for the kind of toggling between textualism and contextualism that other scholars have envisioned. Understanding how a contract’s parts are put together - the structure of the contract - is important to understanding how to design contacts, and can greatly influence how courts interpret contracts.
Suggested Citation:
Hwang, Cathy and Jennejohn, Matthew, Deal Structure (December 1, 2017). University of Utah College of Law Research Paper No. 229; Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University Working Paper No. 231. Available at SSRN: ssrn.com/abstract=3043860
University of Utah College of Law Research Paper No. 229
Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University Working Paper No. 231
53 Pages Posted: 29 Sep 2017 Last revised: 4 Dec 2017
Cathy Hwang
Stanford Law School; University of Utah - S.J. Quinney College of Law
Matthew Jennejohn
Brigham Young University - J. Reuben Clark Law School
Date Written: December 1, 2017
Abstract
Modern commercial contracts - those governing mergers & acquisitions and financial derivatives, for instance - have become structurally complex and interconnected. Yet contract law largely ignores structural complexity. This Article develops a theory of “contractual structuralism” to explain the important role of structure in every aspect of contract law, from the design of a contract to courts’ interpretation and enforcement.
For generations, scholars have debated whether a court should consider only the text of a contract or also consider broader context to determine parties’ intent. More recently, scholars have shown that parties can choose between textual and contextual interpretation by drafting a contract provision as a rule or a standard. Rules signal that parties have fully thought through the issues and a court should interpret textually, and standards signal the need for further contextual exploration.
This Article builds upon that pioneering work to make two contributions to the literature. First, it provides the first comprehensive account of structural complexity in modern contracting, and explains how modern contract designers use structure to advance their goals. Second, it shows how the design of contract structure can influence interpretation. Contracts have grown - in scope, length, and complexity - and provisions are no longer strictly rules or strictly standards. Rather, they bleed into and interact with one another, complicating parties’ ability to always pair textualist enforcement with a rule and contextualist enforcement with a standard. Tweaking deal structure provides contract designers another way, beyond using a rule or standard, to nudge courts toward a particular interpretive mode. Specifically, structural isolation of provisions - a modular contract structure - is required for the kind of toggling between textualism and contextualism that other scholars have envisioned. Understanding how a contract’s parts are put together - the structure of the contract - is important to understanding how to design contacts, and can greatly influence how courts interpret contracts.
Suggested Citation:
Hwang, Cathy and Jennejohn, Matthew, Deal Structure (December 1, 2017). University of Utah College of Law Research Paper No. 229; Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University Working Paper No. 231. Available at SSRN: ssrn.com/abstract=3043860